Around that time Mustafa Kemal, the leader of a group of Turkish revolutionaries, was forming in NE Anatolia, the Turkish National Movement. British historian Arnold J. Toynbee wrote that there were organized atrocities following the Greek landing at Smyrna on 15 May 1919. [117] In general, as reported by a British intelligence report:[when?] Constantinople is the great capital, the City, the dream and hope of all Greeks. After a delay of almost a month that gave time to the Turks to organise their defence, seven of the Greek divisions crossed east of the Sakarya River. It is known as the Western Front (Turkish: Kurtuluş Savaşı, Batı Cephesi, Ottoman Turkish: Garb Cebhesi گرب جابهاسی‎) of the Turkish War of Independence in Turkey and the Asia Minor Campaign (Greek: Μικρασιατική Εκστρατεία) or the Asia Minor Catastrophe (Greek: Μικρασιατική Καταστροφή) in Greece. The second phase lasted from October 1920 to August 1921, and was characterised by Greek offensive operations. The Greek defeat can be largely attributed to a lack of whole-hearted Allied support, as King Constantine was reviled by the British for his pro-German policies during WWI (in contrast to former prime minister Venizelos). "[39] The Megali Idea, besides Constantinople, included most traditional lands of the Greeks including Crete, Thessaly, Epirus, Macedonia, Thrace, the Aegean Islands, Cyprus, the coastlands of Asia Minor and Pontus on the Black Sea. [126] The Allied investigation also pointed that the specific events were reprisals for the general Turkish oppression of the past years and especially for the Turkish atrocities committed in the Marmara region one year before when several Greek villages had been burned and thousands of Greeks massacred. This advance began under the Liberal government of Eleftherios Venizelos, but soon after the offensive began, Venizelos fell from power and was replaced by Dimitrios Gounaris. The Turkish Parliament awarded both Mustafa Kemal and Fevzi Çakmak with the title of Field Marshal for their service in this battle. Greco-Turkish wars, (1897 and 1921–22), two military conflicts between the Greeks and the Turks. The Greco–Turkish War of 1919–1922, known as the Western Front (Turkish: [Batı Cephesi] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup ) of the Turkish War of Independence in Turkey and the Asia Minor Campaign (Greek: Μικρασιατική Εκστρατεία) or the Asia … "[41] The Greeks had already brought their forces into Eastern Thrace (apart from Constantinople and its region). Yet they met with little resistance, as the Turks managed to retreat in an orderly fashion and avoid encirclement. This enmity inevitably spread throughout Greek society, creating a deep rift that contributed decisively to the failed Asia Minor campaign and resulted in much social unrest in the inter war years. The Treaty of Lausanne recognized the independence of the Republic of Turkey and its sovereignty over Asia Minor, Constantinople, and Eastern Thrace. On the contrary, Venizelos was identified with the continuation of a war that did not seem to go anywhere. [95][96] Rummel estimates that 440,000 Armenian civilians and 264,000 Greek civilians were killed by Turkish forces during the Turkish War of Independence between 1919 and 1922. The Turks finally launched a counter-attack on August 26, what has come to be known to the Turks as the "Great Offensive" (Büyük Taarruz). Later, during Middle Ages, the region had belonged to the Byzantine Empire until the 12th century, when the first Seljuk Turk raids reached it. [124] And the commissioners mentioned the "burning and looting of Turkish villages", the "explosion of violence of Greeks and Armenians against the Turks", and "a systematic plan of destruction and extinction of the Moslem population". "[117], During the Battle of Bergama, the Greek army committed a massacre against Turkish civilians in Menemen killing 200 and injuring 200 people. The Greeks initiated another attack on March 27 (Second Battle of Inonu), to be resisted fiercely and finally defeated by the Kemalist troops on March 30. イズミルを占領したトルコ軍は北へ向かい、海峡管理区域のイギリス軍部隊と対峙した（チャナク危機）。トルコ軍は管理区域から撤退し、実際の戦闘は避けられた。, https://teemakes.com/greco-turkish-war-1919-1922">, エーゲ海沿岸部に比べ、アナトリア内陸部にはギリシャ正教徒はほとんど住んでおらず、ギリシャの侵略に対してゲリラによる反撃が多発していた。, 9月8日にはイズミルがトルコ軍に占領され、逃げ遅れたギリシャ軍兵士の多くは射殺された。, ケマルの率いるトルコ国民軍と争う余裕のない英仏両国は、セーヴル条約に代わる講和条約をアンカラ政府と結ぶ必要に迫られた。, Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre : 聖バレンタインデーの虐殺. On the contrary, the Kemalist Turks enjoyed significant Soviet support. By December 1920, the Greeks had advanced on two fronts, approaching Eskişehir from the North West and from Smyrna, and had consolidated their occupation zone. British General Charles Harington, allied commander in Constantinople, kept his men from firing on Turks and warned the British cabinet against any rash adventure. Out of the eighteen thousand buildings in the historic holy city of Manisa, only five hundred remained. The country's foremost political formations, the Venizelist Liberals and the Royalists, already involved in a long and bitter rivalry over pre-war politics, reached a state of outright hatred towards each other. With the possibility of social disorder once the Turkish Army occupied Smyrna, Kemal was quick to issue a proclamation, sentencing any Turkish soldier to death who harmed non-combatants. Some parliamentary deputies demanded that Nurettin Pasha be sentenced to death and it was decided to put him on trial, although the trial was later revoked by the intervention of Mustafa Kemal.

Wahl Magic Clip Cordless Won't Charge, Jeep Compass 4xe, Caldey Island Monastery, Paprika Restaurant, Mark Drakeford Ms, Dodge Magnum Front Lip, Joseph Blandisi, Red Jeep Gladiator, Falling Skies, Pleural And Pericardial Effusion Differential Diagnosis, Dodge Ramcharger 2020, Adenosine Diphosphate Platelet Aggregation, Dodge D350 Pickup For Sale, Dreamfall Chapters Gameplay, 1993 Dodge D350 Curb Weight, South Pacific Apartments Port Macquarie, Ki Sung-yueng Net Worth, Prejudice Antonym, Clothing Stores Karratha, Lorna Fitzgerald Advert, Nissan Micra 2015 Price In Uae, Pes 2020 Master League Player Growth, Tata Altroz Price, Myopericarditis Colchicine, Jeep Compass High Altitude Reviews, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Martial Arts Style, 1989 Jeep Cherokee, 1979 Dodge Aspen Station Wagon, Irctc Special Trains, Elanbe Caravan Park, Cummins Mustang, Airbus A350 Capacity, Football Teams Beginning With Q, Wagga News Coronavirus, Shine Careers, Fredericton Kijiji, Adze Pronunciation, Swtor Romance Options 2020, Noongar Language, Akoya Pearls Necklace, Lake Nipissing, Dodge Rampage 2019, Roamr Tundra, Evans-pritchard Witchcraft, Patterns Of Culture Ruth Benedict Pdf, Houses For Sale South Nowra, Dana 30 Axle Width, Skyrim - Around The Fire, Family Guy: The Quest For Stuff Peter, The Magic Of Scheherazade, Lake Nipigon Cottage Rental, Spellbound 2002 Cast, Ram 350 For Sale, Pushes Pronunciation, Shashi Kapoor Wife, Sandy Point Beach Open, 2008 Nissan Pathfinder, Sliding T Bevel, Annapurna Studios Acres, Range Rover Sport Bekas Jakarta, Interstate Train Services, Miramichi Population 2020, Tony Hawk Pro Skater Wiki, 2014 Nissan Altima Life Expectancy, Moira Quirk Movies And Tv Shows, Nissan Cube 2019 Cost, Direct Flight Vs Connecting Flight, Etain Meaning, Maitland Police Department Facebook, Miniature French Bulldog Puppies For Sale, Kakadu National Park History, The Boys Definitive Edition, Killer Women, Dooney And Bourke Outlet Camarillo, Autobleem Ps Classic, Examples Of Hostility, Sydney Airport Industry Analysis, Unthinkable Definition Thesaurus, Toyota Program, 1972 Ford Bronco Original Price, Insulet Corporation Stock, Jeep Renegade Leather, What Does This Mean In Legal Terms, Air Mauritius Logo, Olufunmilola Nwachukwu, Land Rover Discovery Td5 For Sale On Ebay, 1886 Philadelphia Quakers, 2019 4runner Differences, Coban Imperial Live Score, Irie's Island Food Hours, Qantas South Africa Contact,