Golden jackals also lie together and groom each other much more frequently than black-backed jackals.In the Serengeti, pairs defend permanent territories encompassing 2–4 km², while in Tajikistan, home ranges can have a radius of 12 km. According to biologist Michael Bright, tan is more likely referring to jackals than dragons, as the word is frequently used throughout the AV to describe a howling animal associated with desolation and abandoned habitations, which is consistent with the golden jackal's vast vocal repertoire and its occasional habit of living in abandoned buildings. When fighting, the golden jackal slams its opponents with its hips, and bites and shakes the shoulder. Although several attempts have been made to synonymise many of the proposed names, the taxonomic position of West African jackals, in particular, is too confused to come to any precise conclusion, as the collected study materials are few. Family relationships among golden jackals are comparatively peaceful compared to those of the black-backed jackal; although the sexual and territorial behaviour of grown pups is suppressed by the breeding pair, they are not actively driven off once they attain adulthood. The copulatory tie lasts 20–45 minutes in Eurasia, and roughly four minutes in Africa. Jeremiah makes frequent references to jackals by using the word shu'al, which can mean both jackal and fox. The shoulder height is 45–50 cm (18–20 in) for both. The golden jackal's vocalisations include howls, barks, growls, whines and cackles. Occasionally, it develops a horny growth on the skull, which is associated with magical powers in southeastern Asia. One litter can yield 1-9 babies, with an average of 2-4 pups. The coloration of their fur depends on the season of year and region, varying from yellow to pale gold with a brown tip.These jackals are widely distributed from North and East Africa to southeastern Europe and South Asia, including Burma. Though less basal than the black-backed and side-striped jackals, it is nonetheless a somewhat less specialised species than the grey wolf, as indicated by its relatively short facial region, weaker tooth row and the more weakly developed projections of the skull. Adults grow to a length of 100 cm (39 in), 35–45 cm (14–18 in) in height and 8–11 kg (18-24 lb) in weight.Range: Southeastern Europe, Asia Minor and Caucasus. Prior to mating, the pair patrols and scent marks its territory. An albino specimen was photographed in 2012 in southeastern Iran.The golden jackal moults twice a year, in spring and autumn. Conversely, jackals vacate areas inhabited by wolves, which have been known to approach jackal-calling stations at a quick trotting pace, presumably to chase them off.The jackal's recent expansion throughout eastern and western Europe has been attributed to historical declines in wolf populations. Jackals infected with D. medinensis can infect water bodies with their eggs, and cause dracunculiasis in people who drink from them. Some Jackals may gather to scavenge a carcass or to hunt larger prey such as antelope, gazelles and livestock but normally hunt alone or in pairs. The tail is fluffy and long. Once the lactation period concludes, the female drives off the pups. Before 1949 and the onset of the Cold War, the majority of jackal skins were exported to the USA. The golden jackal in Europe seems to prefer the brown hare (Lepus europaeus).

At this stage, the pups are semi-independent, venturing up to 50 metres from the den, even sleeping in the open.

A recent study found that the Golden Jackal and the ancestor of the wolf/dog diverged 400, 000 years ago, and that since then there had been significant gene flow between the Golden Jackal and the Israeli wolf, as well as the population ancestral to the dog and wolf samples.In captivity, the golden jackal is capable of hybridising with the coyote, though such hybrids become infertile at the second generation. Its canine teeth are large and strong, but relatively thinner than the wolf's, and its carnassials are weaker. In the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, the golden jackal primarily hunts hares and mouse-like rodents, as well as pheasants, francolins, ducks, coots, moorhens and passerines.Vegetable matter eaten by jackals in these areas includes fruits, such as pears, hawthorn, dogwood and the cones of common medlars. The main social unit of these animals is a mated pair as well as a family, consisting of a mated pair and its young.

As a matter of fact, hunting in pairs, they are three times more successful, than hunting alone.
Hunting jackals with greyhounds offered poor sport, as greyhounds were too fast for jackals, and mixed packs were too difficult to control. In Dagestan and Azerbaijan, litters are sometimes are located within the hollows of fallen trees, tree roots and under stones on river banks.
The fur on the back often consists of a mixture of black, brown and white hairs, which sometimes form a dark saddle similar to the black-backed jackal's.

The female feeds the pups more frequently than the male or helpers do, though the presence of the latter allows the breeding pair to leave the den and hunt without leaving the litter unprotected. The usual diet Golden jackals also includes various fruits.

One popular Indian saying describes the jackal as "the sharpest among beasts, the crow among birds, and the barber among men". In Turkey, Caucasus and Transcaucasia, it has been observed at heights of up to 1, 000 AMSL, particularly in areas where the climate forces shrublands into high elevations.The golden jackal is an omnivorous and opportunistic forager; its diet varies according to season and habitat. The golden jackal is scantily represented in the fossil record, and its direct ancestor is unknown; two previous candidates, Canis kuruksaensis and C. arnensis (from Villafranchian Tajikistan and Italy respectively), were demonstrated to be more closely related to the coyote than the jackal. Females have 4-5 pairs of teats.The fur's base colour is golden, though this varies seasonally from pale creamy yellow to dark tawny. The golden jackal often carries away more food than it can consume, and caches the surplus, which is generally recovered within 24 hours.


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