Upon graduating from college they must work for two years in industry within their field of specialization. Here instruction is combined with the students’ production work in all courses (except for the period of the diploma project, when the students who are working on their diploma theses spend full-time on their studies). In universities and academies the teaching process began to be improved, experience was generalized, and experimentation was introduced on a broader scale. During the academic year 1914-15, Russia (within its present-day boundaries) had 127,400 persons studying at 105 higher educational institutions, whereas in 1970 there were approximately 4.6 million students in 805 such institutions. In the decree of the Central Committee of the RCP (Bolshevik) On the Immediate Tasks in the Matter of Establishing a Connection Between Higher Educational Institutions and Production, dated Jan. 12, 1925, it was pointed out that the entire structure of teaching and the entire life of the higher educational institutions must be connected with practical experience as closely as possible and that this connection must grow from year to year. According to data from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, only one out of ten students from the evening schools obtains a degree. With regard to level of education, a bachelor may be equated with students who have finished four years at a Soviet higher educational institution and passed the state examinations. In higher education by correspondence courses the subject-course system of instruction has been adopted; the student is obliged to appear at the higher educational institution only for a laboratory-examination session to complete all laboratory projects and to take course credit tests and examinations. In the curricula of higher educational institutions in Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and certain other countries considerable attention is devoted to elective subjects, and this allows the student to specialize in a narrower field. Each school carries out training in many specialties. Take this quiz and find out the verdict on your word memory.Dictionary.com Unabridged In Moscow the Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University was established in 1960 in order to train highly qualified specialists from the youth of Asian, African, and Latin American countries.In its ideological-political content, the scientific nature of its learning, and the social composition of its students, higher education in the USSR and the other socialist countries differs in essence from higher education in the capitalist countries.In the capitalist countries higher education is, in fact, inaccessible to the broad strata of the working class and is a monopoly of the ruling classes. During the second cycle (lasting from three to four years) the student takes examinations for the academic degree of licenciate. Hence the graduates of these higher educational institutions become specialists with adequate training only after a probationary work period which they sometimes spend in other countries.In Japan higher education is built upon the basis of the universities and branch institutes (or higher schools). During their summer vacation (three months) it is recommended that the students apply their knowledge to practical work. The term of instruction at higher educational institutions lasts from four to six years; as a rule, it is five years. In Hungary the term of instruction at universities and institutes ranges from four to five years, depending on the type of specialty; as a rule, those graduates who have successfully defended their diploma thesis are awarded the academic degree of doctor of the university.In Poland there are two types of higher schools: vocational—such as engineering, agricultural, and economics schools—and academic—such as universities and polytechnical and other institutes. More than 50 percent of the students major in the humanities. For example, Cambridge University awards the master’s degree for conducting research work for two years and for presenting a thesis, whereas Oxford does not grant this degree. The liberation of higher education from the influence of the church and from scholasticism was facilitated by the major scientific discoveries of the Renaissance (from the 14th century—the early Renaissance in Italy—through the 16th century) in the fields of mathematics, mechanics, and astronomy (Leonardo da Vinci, N. Copernicus, J. Kepler, Galileo, R. Descartes, I. Newton, and G. Leibniz) as well as by achievements in the field of medicine. Many diploma theses (projects) are scientific research studies, which are published in the reports and bulletins of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and other scientific collections. Production practice has grown in scope and has become an essential part of the curriculum of every higher educational institution. The doctor’s diploma is approximately equivalent to the diplomas awarded to graduates of Soviet higher educational institutions who have completed a five-year term of instruction and defended their diploma project (thesis) at a high theoretical level.The countries of Latin America also have a unique system of higher education.

Meaning of higher education. In the specialties of machine building the corresponding figures are 31.6 percent, 17.6 percent, 45.9 percent, and 4.9 percent; in jurisprudence the corresponding figures are 44.4 percent, 9.3 percent, 34.4 percent, and 11.6 percent.For every specialty a certain complex of disciplines is selected, the study of which in combination with classwork and production practice ensures the acquisition of modern scientific knowledge along with the mastery of the methods of scientific and practical work.


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